Pearson Correlation

Linear correlation from paired data.

Inputs

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Formula

r = Σ(x−x̄)(y−ȳ) ÷ √[Σ(x−x̄)² Σ(y−ȳ)²]

Pearson r measures linear association between −1 and 1. R² is fraction of variance explained.

Worked example

Four points with mostly linear trend yield r around 0.8 — check calculator for exact value.

Where this can give the wrong answer

  • Needs variation in both variables.
  • Outliers strongly pull r.
  • Correlation ≠ causation.

FAQ

At least two pairs; inference needs more — four here is illustrative only.