Confidence Interval (Mean)

Interval estimate for a population mean.

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Formula

CI = x̄ ± z* × (σ/√n)

Uses z critical values (90/95/99%) and known or estimated σ. Standard error SE = σ/√n sets the margin.

Worked example

Mean 50, σ=12, n=30 at 95% gives roughly [45.7, 54.3].

Where this can give the wrong answer

  • Assumes approximate normality or large n.
  • Uses z not t — better for large n or known σ.
  • Small n with unknown σ should use t distribution.

FAQ

Common trade-off between width and confidence; 99% widens the interval.